6. Tom L. Beauchamp, and James F. Childress, Principles of Biomedical Ethics, Oxford, 1989, p. 4.［go back］
8. The case of Karen Ann Quinlan is famous. She had been in a condition of permanent unconsciousness.
"Accurate medical diagnosis and prognosis are indispensable, but the judgment about whether to use life-prolonging measures hinges on the anticipated quality of life. The benefits of life-prolonging treatment to a permanently unconscious patient appear to be so limited as to render the treatment pointless. Any benefit to the patient would appear to rest in the slight possibility of a diagnostic or prognostic error or of a medical breakthrough, rather than in the quality of the life that is prolonged." But "whether the criteria for quality of life -- or, as we prefer, the criteria for determining the patient's best interests" is a serious question. (Tom L. Beauchamp, and James F. Childress; Principles of Biomedical Ethics, Oxford, 1989, p.157.)
The case of Paul Brophy is as follows.
"Paul E. Brophy, Sr., a firefighter and emergency medical technician in Easton, Massachusetts, suffered a ruptured brain artery on March 22, 1983. Surgery was performed in April, but it was unsuccessful, and Brophy never regained consciousness. He was transferred to the New England Sinai Hospital in a persistent vegetative state. When he developed pneumonia in August, both his physicians and Patricia Brophy, his wife and legal guardian, concurred in an order not to resuscitate him if he suffered a cardiac arrest. In December 1983, Mrs. Brophy gave the physicians permission for a surgical procedure to insert a feeding tube into his stomach. He received seven and a half hours of nursing care each day, consisting of bathing, shaving, turning, and so on. Brophy's medical bills, approximately ten thousand dollars per month, were paid entirely by Blue Cross/Blue Shield." (ITom L. Beauchamp, and James F. Childress; Principles of Biomedical Ethics, Oxford, 1989, p. 420-2.) ［go back］
10. Sickle cell anemia is one of the hemoglobinopathies, occurring almost exclusively in Blacks, characterized by arthralgia. The conditions of this anemia are accompanied by acute attacks of abdominal pain, ulcerations of the lower extremities, sickle-shaped erythrocytes in the blood, and, for full clinical expression, the homozygous presence of S hemoglobin in the red blood cells. Dictionary of Medicine --RECONFIRM] ［go back］
11. This problem was pointed out by Hisatake KATO, in his "What is Bioethics?" MIRAI-SYA, Tokyo, 1986.［go back］
12. Immanuel Kant, Groundwork of Metaphysic of Moral, translated by H.J. Paton, Harper Torchbooks, New York, 1964, p. 96, S. 429.［go back］
13. Ibid. p. 97, S. 430.［go back］
14. Tom L. Beauchamp, and James F. Childress; Principles of Biomedical Ethics, Oxford, 1989, p.11.［go back］
15. 'Ethical Issues for Gift Planners,' 'A Framework for Ethical Decision-Making: Version 4 Ethics Shareware' and 'Ethics and Conflict of Interest,' are available in Web-site of the Centre for Applied Ethics at http://www.ethics.ubc.ca.［go back］
16. 'Ethical Issues for Gift Planners' ［go back］
17. 'Ethical Issues for Gift Planners.' There are two ways that Professor McDonald proposed to avoid conflict of interest. The first is to "get out of the situation" or "to vacate one of the roles that is in conflict." And the second is to "make known to all affected parties your private interest" or "to declare to all affected parties in question."［go back］
18. 'A Framework for Ethical Decision-Making: Version 4 Ethics Shareware'［go back］
19. Tom L. Beauchamp, and James F. Childress; Principles of Biomedical Ethics, Oxford, 1989, p.3.［go back］
20. Thomas I. White; Business Ethics. A Philosophical Reader, MacMillan, New York, 1993, p. 29.［go back］
21. Tom L. Beauchamp, and James F. Childress; Principles of Biomedical Ethics, Oxford, 1989, p. 6. ［go back］
22. Peter Singer ed., Applied Ethics, Oxford, 1986, p. 6.［go back］